TNF and neoplasm: Since integrin subunit αv is highly expressed both in tumor cells and in angiogenic vasculature in glioblastomas [16–18], here we evaluate two parallel strategies for ligand-directed therapy with a cytotoxic agent (TNF) versus a theranostic (HSVtk) gene delivery followed by suicide gene therapy with GCV in the same orthotopic mouse model of human glioblastoma with RGD4C-directed AAVP vectors.