CD69 and schistosomiasis: Due to ethical considerations we were unable to perform a larger study of direct praziquantel effects on ex vivo HIV susceptibility in schistosomiasis-uninfected individuals, but the viral entry, CD69 expression and cytokine data obtained from four schistosomiasis-free volunteers suggest it is very unlikely that praziquantel directly mediated the changes we observed in HIV susceptibility and host immunology.