In contrast, blood cytokine levels tended to fall after Sm treatment, with significant reductions in specific cytokines previously linked to active schistosomiasis20,21, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-γ; these changes were not seen in schistosomiasis-negative controls treated with praziquantel (Supplementary Fig. 8). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and schistosomiasis.