However, in the late phase after neural ischemia, HMGB1 may enhance angiogenesis resulting in tissue remodeling by endothelial activation and sprouting, (Yang et al. 2014) and it may promote neurovascular repair by activating endothelial progenitor cells after cerebral ischemia (Hayakawa et al. 2012). Here, HMGB1 is linked to brain ischemia.