AFP and neoplasm: When all mice reached 13 months old, HBs-Tg mice with H. hepaticus administration involved in hepatic neoplasia development with a higher incidence (100%), more tumor nodules (P < 0.01) and higher serum AFP (P < 0.01), compared to wild type B6 with or without H. hepaticus and HBs-Tg mice (Fig. 2b–d).