However, in another study by the same group, CXCL1 concentrations in CSF, but not in serum, were significantly higher in patients with meningoencephalitis than in those with meningitis (p < 0.01) early in the course of TBEV CNS involvement, and was the highest in a patient with the most severe clinical symptoms and altered consciousness. Here, CXCL1 is linked to infectious meningitis.