TNF and tick-borne encephalitis: Finally, Günther and coworkers investigated several cytokines associated innate and Th1 adaptive immune responses (IL-10, IFNγ, IL-1ra, TNFα, and IL-6) in CSF and serum in relation to the aetiology of meningitis and clinical course in 44 patients with TBE and 36 patients with aseptic meningoencephalitis of another aetiology (non-TBE group).