VIM and infection: Detection of viral infection revealed that intracellular viral RNA of EV-A71-289A infection was 1.3- and 3-fold that of EV-A71-289T infection in control HBMEC at 24 h and 48 h after infection, respectively, while the level of intracellular viral RNA of EV-A71-289A infection was 1.7- and 1.8-fold that in EV-A71-289T infection in VIM knocked-out HBMECs (p < 0.05) (Figure 2A).