INS and brain disorder: The antidiabetic effects of cinnamon were reported to increase glucose uptake, improve insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, improve glycogen synthesis in the liver, restore pancreatic islets dysfunction, slow gastric emptying rates, and improve diabetic renal and brain disorders through multiple signaling pathways, including the PPARs, PI3K/IRS-1, GLUT4, and Nrf2 pathways [37].