This mechanism is active in oesophageal cancer, where the silencing of type I collagen and fibronectin reverses ERK1/2-mediated chemoresistance [107], and in ovarian cancer, where the ECM protein nidogen 1 (NID1) activates ERK1/2, triggering both EMT and cisplatin-resistance [108]. The gene discussed is MAPK3; the disease is carcinoma of esophagus.