MAPK3 and ovarian carcinoma: By cooperating with the prosurvival pathway phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), ERK1/2 induces EMT [57] and promotes metastatization by recruiting metalloproteinase 9 in gastric cancer [58], increases migration in non small cell lung cancer [59], rhabomiosarcoma [5], ovarian cancer [60], cervical cancer [61], and hepatocellular carcinoma [62], and prevents apoptosis in renal cancer by up-regulating B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and down-regulating p53, Bcl-2-like protein 4 (Bax), and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) [63].