The same anti-apoptotic effect has been reported in breast cancer, where ERK1/2 cooperates with 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin/p70 S6 kinase (AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K) [64], and in colorectal cancer, where it cooperates with small mothers against decapentaplegic-4 (Smad4) [65]. Here, MAPK3 is linked to breast cancer.