ZC3HAV1 and infection: Fig 1A shows that overexpression of ZAP reduced SINV replication by more than 10-fold. Exposure of U2OS cells to SINV caused ZAP, which is known to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm [48], to shift from its diffuse cytoplasmic staining to discrete puncta (Fig 1B, arrows). In some instances, we observed double positive cells indicative of infection in cells with ectopic ZAP expression (Fig 1B and S1 Movie).