Several cytokines were significantly elevated in the infection-only control group, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), MIP-1β, MIP-2, and interferon (IFN)–inducible protein 10 (IP-10) (Fig. 3, C to J). This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and infection.