INSR and colonic neoplasm: Cytotoxicity in many cancer cell lines including hepatic, skin, pancreatic, and colon cancers Anti-inflammatory effects on periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis, through various cellular mechanisms Protective effects against Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease Vascularprotective effect, through alteration of vascular disease-related genes, including HIRA, HDAC9, HIF1A and RTN3 Management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes, by stimulating the uptake of glucose without functional insulin receptors