INS and malignant colon neoplasm: Inhibition of EGFR and downstream signaling cascades, most notably in vulvar carcinoma Decrease in cell viability, induction of apoptosis, cleavage of PARP, activation of caspases−3,−8, and−9, increase in Bax with concurrent decrease in Bcl-2 protein, and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, in colon cancer Mediated suppression of osteoclast formation, resulting in prevention of bone loss Increase in insulin secretion