Decreased NPY signaling might be causally linked to depression: this was seen in a model of type 2 diabetes in extended amygdala, including ventral part of BNST lateral division (here named BNST-AVl; Nakhate et al., 2016) as well as in CCK-4-induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in limbic areas, including ventral part of BNST lateral division (here named BNST-AVl; Desai et al., 2014). The gene discussed is PTK7; the disease is major depressive disorder.