Regarding innate immunity, macrophages compose the most-dominant immune cell population in many tumours, including PDAC, and increased numbers of macrophages have been shown to correlate with poor prognosis.12,46,47 In autochthonous KPC PDAC mouse models, loss of macrophages in the TME, through CSF1R inhibition for example, was associated with tumour regression and T-cell activation, independently of PD-1 inhibition. The gene discussed is CSF1R; the disease is neoplasm.