PAPPA and preeclampsia: Current screening programs are based on a combination of maternal characteristics (age, ethnicity, body mass index, nulliparity, family or personal history) with biophysical (mean arterial pressure, pulsatility index) and biochemical markers (soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), placental growth factor (PlGF), pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A)), offering reported detection rates of > 90% for early-onset preeclampsia (EPE) at 10% false positive ratio.