Higher carotenoid intake may reduce risk for NAFLD, and, in particular, the progression of simple hepatic steatosis to NASH, through several different pathways, including the attenuation of oxidative stress in the liver, with downstream effects on secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by hepatic macrophages, immune infiltration, and insulin sensitivity [20]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.