CTSS and Sjogren syndrome: In contrast, the gene expression for cathepsin S, which is significantly elevated in the tears of Sjögren syndrome patients,32 was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by testosterone in female MRL/lpr lacrimal glands (CL = 1.53-fold ↓; Affy = 1.88-fold ↓), but increased by androgen treatment in those of female NOD mice (CL = 3.87-fold ↑; Affy = 3.23-fold ↑).