TNF and breast cancer: As shown in the Figure 5 schematic, secretomes of metastatic breast cancer cells that express high levels of secreted LCN2 (a marker for poor patient prognosis) increase systemic circulating levels of LCN2 and remodel the lung toward a tumor-permissive state, concurrent with increased CD73 (a marker of MSCs) expression and decreased TNFα (a pro-inflammatory marker) expression within the lung microenvironment.