GGH and colonic neoplasm: Lower expression of GGH enhances sensitivity of cancer cells to pemetrexed, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, and gemcitabine in colon cancer, advanced pancreatic cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (Iacopetta et al., 2008; Nakamura et al., 2011; Yoshida et al., 2016).