The anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐PD‐L1 inhibitors are antibodies which specifically bind to PD‐1 on T cell and PD‐L1 on cancer or TME cells respectively to prevent the interaction of PD‐1 and PD‐L1, consequently reactivate the anti‐tumour immune response of cytotoxic T‐cells 9 (Figure 2). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.