CD86 and infection: The classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages) are proinflammatory and play a pivotal role in host defense against infection which is associated with iNOS and IL-23 production and their cell surface-expressed CD86 or HLA-DR that attract killer cells like neutrophils and/or direct Th1 (cytotoxic) responses and stimulate further M1-type responses [22].