Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is hormone-dependent: AR was found in 15% of patients with RCC and inversely correlated with the histopathological stage (27% of cells were AR-positive in pT1 tumors, only 4% cells were AR-positive in pT3 tumors) and inversely correlated with the nuclear grade of receptor expression. Here, AR is linked to hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma.