VEGFA and stroke disorder: Bone marrow-45,56,57 and amniotic-derived MSC39 transplantation rescued the levels of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that were downregulated as a result of experimental stroke,39,45 represented by increased phosphorylation of downstream signaling molecules.56,57 Moreover, blocking these signaling molecules with specific inhibitors blocked the therapeutic effects of MSCs.57