KEAP1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Intriguingly, Goldstein et al. reported the first example of increased NRF2 signaling being not caused by somatic mutations, since the genetic deletion of NRF2 exon 2 (see Figure 3(b)) was found to promote elevated NRF2 activity and stability in head-neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) and NSCLC, by removing the KEAP1-interacting domain in the absence of other genetic changes [159].