TNF and chronic kidney disease: Expression of 54/157 TNFα pathway genes was significantly upregulated in SRNS/FSGS patients compared to healthy controls (Fig 5A and S3 Fig) and these changes were detected in the FSGS samples across all levels of eGFR (S4 Fig), suggesting induction of an intrinsic TNFα pathway in the glomerulus that is independent of increased inflammation seen at late CKD stages [34].