PIK3CA and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Interestingly, the level of immune checkpoint ligands such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) appears to be regulated by the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway: inhibition of PI3K, Akt or mTOR decreased expression of PD-L1 in a non-small cell lung cancer model in vitro and in vivo [146].