CYLD and skin cancer: Note that another NF-kB-independent and ciliogenic signaling pathway, the Shh/Ptch1 pathway, which is the most critical signaling pathway regulating cell proliferation and differentiation of basal cell carcinoma (a type of skin cancer arising from epidermal stem cell of the hair follicles) [75], has been recently identified as an upstream regulator of CYLD expression (Fig. 2).