PCa diagnosis is currently mostly based on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, digital rectal examination (DRE) and confirmed by a multi-core prostatic biopsy.4 Multiple factors not related to prostate malignancy may affect the level of blood PSA [inflammation, infection or presence of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)]. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and urogenital neoplasm.