However, levels of both IL-1β and TNF-α in mice brains were significantly decreased when ICAM-1-neutralizing antibody was injected, even though there were still high levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in challenged mice brains with ICAM-1 neutralization, compared with that in the uninfected control mice (Fig. 6d), reflecting a certain contribution of ICAM-1 to the infection-induced neuroinflammatory response. Here, TNF is linked to infection.