CD4 and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: While this is not unusual in sub-Saharan Africa—the median CD4 count in a similar cohort of Malawian patients with pneumonia was 99, compared to 134 in this study[46]—it is likely that the relationship between several of these biomarkers and HIV infection may be attenuated in other HIV populations with a higher proportion of viral suppression; indeed, HIV viral load has been shown to be associated with increased levels of IP-10 and sTNFR-2.[47,48]