Although initial studies examining BDN cells from malaria or HIV-infected individuals described these B cells as anergic (reviewed in Portugal et al., 2017), more recent studies reported that the CD11c-expressing IgDnegCD27+CD21lo activated BSW cells from influenza vaccinated humans (Lau et al., 2017) and HIV infected patients (Knox et al., 2017), as well as the CD11chi cells from SLE patients (Wang et al., 2018) and the CD11chi DN2 cells from SLE patients (Jenks et al., 2018) possess phenotypic and molecular characteristics of pre-ASCs. This evidence concerns the gene ITGAX and systemic lupus erythematosus.