SPP1 and cancer: Interestingly, a subset of identified cancer biomarkers (TNFα, sFasL, TRAIL, prolactin, FGF2, SCF, OPN), which were identified in the high diversity/inflammation cluster, were also correlated with Lactobacillus abundance, vaginal pH and genital inflammation (Fig. 3B) and were elevated in the ICC group (Fig. 1A).