Notably, these cancer biomarkers functionally comprised of several cytokines (IL-6, MIF, TGF-α, TNFα), apoptosis-related proteins (sFas, sFasL, TRAIL), growth and angiogenic factors (FGF2, HGF, SCF, VEGF), hormones (leptin, prolactin) and other biomarkers (AFP, OPN), but not carcinoma antigens. Here, TGFA is linked to carcinoma.