However, nominally significant positive associations with CRC risk (Supplementary Data 12) included insulin resistance, comprising raised fasting insulin, glucose and HbA1c (positive), hyperlipidaemia, comprising raised total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and ulcerative colitis, all of which are traits or diseases previously reported in observational epidemiological studies to be associated with CRC risk40,41. This evidence concerns the gene INS and ulcerative colitis.