IRF-3 is also activated by linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC)-mediated linear ubiquitination, which triggers its interaction with Bcl-2 associated X protein (BAX) to cause mitochondrial activation and later in infection apoptotic death of virus-infected cells via the RIG-I-like receptor-induced IRF-3-mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA) pathway [8]. This evidence concerns the gene IRF3 and infection.