NPPA and congestive heart failure: On one hand, we found up‐regulation of genes coding to various PDE types (that degrade cGMP) and NPR‐C (which clears excess NPs), which may explain in part the tendency for sodium retention and blunted ANP‐induced natriuresis while displaying a similar cGMP‐producing capacity in our model.27 Although elevated renal activity of PDEs was shown previously in another model of tachypacing‐induced CHF, this is the first evidence of a similar notion in the ACF model.45, 46