ESR1 and breast cancer: To demonstrate the general applicability of VULCAN, we applied the algorithm to a breast cancer patient-derived xenograft dataset (Gene Expression Omnibus series GSE110824) [22, 23], which showed the expected enrichment of the ESR1, FOXA1, and GATA3 regulons (Additional file 1: Figure S21 and Fig. 5a) predicting the co-localization of the respective proteins on the chromatin.