MTOR and gestational diabetes: Placentas from obese women with GDM showed downregulation of protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2 (PRKAA2, also known as AMPK) and upregulation of mTOR which caused an increase in ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 (RPS6KB1), suggesting autophagy inhibition in GDM placentas [73].