TNF and neoplasm: P-KG03 sulphated polysaccharide, derived from marine microalgae Gyrodinium impudium strain KG03, activates the production of NO in a JNK-dependent manner and stimulates the production of cytokines IL-1β and 6 and TNF-α in macrophages, and prevents the growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo [136,150].