Cerebral endothelial cells in AD are now known to be activated by Aβ1-40 through a JNK-AP1 signalling pathway, causing the upregulated expression of diverse inflammatory mediators including MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, CXCL1, CXCL2/macrophage inflammatory protein-2α (MIP-2α) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2β (MIP-2β) [353,354]. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and Alzheimer disease.