Regarding H. pylori infection, in literature TLR9 activation resulted in a pro-inflammatory response [49], but during the acute phase of H. pylori infection, TLR9 showed an opposite role by seeming to promote anti-inflammatory signaling in order to favor the establishment of a persistent infection and, thus, acting as a suppressor of H. pylori-induced gastritis [50,51]. Here, TLR9 is linked to gastritis.