BRAF and thyroid gland carcinoma: Clinical and epidemiologic studies have provided no consistent evidence regarding common somatic genetic alterations such as BRAF V600E, that are rearranged in transformation/papillary thyroid carcinomas, or neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinase 1 mutations contributing to the thyroid cancer sex differences.[26,27] Recent studies have suggested that the estrogen and estrogen hormone receptor status in thyroid cancer cells may promote cell proliferation in thyroid cancer; however, there is no conclusive evidence to confirm the correlation between sex hormones and these disparities.[28,29]