Interestingly, islets from donors with type 2 diabetes display an average PAK1 protein loss of 80% compared with non-diabetics [69] and recent work has shown that islets from donors with type 2 diabetes had profound defects in glucose-stimulated Cdc42 and PAK1 activation together with impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion [77]. Here, CDC42 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.