TNF and colitis: Supporting this, a study demonstrated that MVs derived from Lactobacillus kefir, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, and Lactobacillus kefirgranum, three kefir-derived strains, could inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine, such as IL-8 and TNF-α, maybe via NF-κB signaling pathway; also, were able to prevent enterorrhagia and diarrhea in the TNBS mouse model of experimental colitis [89].