To this end, we generated murine Hep56.1D hepatoma cells expressing via lentiviral transduction a variety of factors already established as important to the HCV life cycle: the four HCV human entry factors discussed above (OCLN, CLDN1, SCARBI, and CD81); miR-122 to aid in replication; and SEC14L2, which is absent in hepatoma cells but well-expressed in primary human hepatocytes and has allowed for the in vitro replication and low level viral particle production of normally non-permissive genotypes and clinical isolates of HCV (Saeed et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene CLDN1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.