ENG and endothelial dysfunction: From a review by El Sayed published in 2017 [36], the following medications have proven safe and effective in prolonging pregnancy in women with PE: esomeprazole, which potently decreases soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin secretion from placenta and endothelial cells, and has biological actions to mitigate endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress [37]; metformin, an inhibitor of hypoxic inducible factor-1a [38]; sildenafil, a vasodilator [39]; curcumin, an anti-Toll-like receptor-4 [40]; and, hydroxyl-chloroquine, an antagonist of tumour necrosis factor-a [41].