In relation to paracrine signaling, CAFs in the tumor microenvironment have been shown to secrete IL-32 and, once bound to integrin β3 on the cell surface of breast cancer cells, results in the activation of p38 MAPK signaling that causes increased expression of EMT markers such as fibronectin, N-cadherin and vimentin [99]. This evidence concerns the gene FN1 and neoplasm.