CTBP1 and cardiac hypertrophy: Catecholamine-induced cardiac hypertrophy and failure is associated with reduced contractile response to adrenergic agonists, an effect attributed to (1) the downregulation of myocardial β-ARs; (2) the uncoupling of β-ARs and adenylate cyclase and; and (3) the downstream modifications in cAMP-mediated signaling.