Another important process that has contributed to advances in treatment is the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and adoptive cellular therapy to treat cancer by modulating the immune response.66 Blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) has now been approved by the FDA for treatment of patients with NSCLC.66 One emerging biomarker of response to anti-PD-1 therapy is the tumor mutational burden.67 Thus, an effect of anti-PD-1 therapy in Chinese smoker patients is expected. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is cancer.