TLR5 and neoplasm: Mechanistically, it is well-established that FliC is a TLR5 agonist, and through recognition by this receptor, FliC activates varied immune responses; this mechanism is the basis of novel approaches to disease treatment and prevention such as a potential target for vaccine adjuvant and anti-tumor strategies (Ciacci-Woolwine et al., 1997; Wyant et al., 1999; Mcdermott et al., 2000; Hayashi et al., 2001; Hajam et al., 2017).