Likewise, in another study, Patel et al. showed that a single HF-HC meal challenge induced oxidative and inflammatory stress responses greater both in magnitude and duration, as evident by increases in the expression of NCF-1 (a major ROS-generating enzyme), intracellular NF-κB binding activity and plasma concentrations of MMP-9, in the MNCs in obese compared to lean individuals (11). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and hydrops fetalis.