TNF and atherosclerosis: These pro-inflammation proteins include IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon γ (IFNγ), complement proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP), etc., which are implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis and intravascular thrombosis (Sofroniew, 2015; Drieu et al., 2018).